Evaluation of Blackgram Germplasm for Resistance against YMV

Blackgram (minumulu) is a very important grain legume crop grown in Andhra Pradesh in all the seasons but predominantly during rabi under rice fallows. The GunturDistrict ranks first in Andhra Pradesh for the production of blackgram. Blackgram is very nutritious as it contains high levels of proteins, potassium, calcium, iron, niacin (B3), thimine (B1), Riboflavin (B2). Blackgram has been shown to be useful in mitigating elevated cholesterol levels. Blackgram has received prominence in Indian dites especially for culinary preparation of dal, Idli, Vada, Dosa, papad.

Although blackgram has been traditionally cultivated after rice in krishna delta, it was consider only as subsistent crop with yields usually below 0.5 t/ha. Following comprehensive constraint analysis in 1980’s cultivar improvement programme was initiated Satyanarayana 1994 and the resistant disease resistant varieties LBG-17 (powderynildw disease), LBG -402 (wilt), LBG - 645 banda polish (wilt) etc... With yields exceeding 2.5 t / ha under with minimal managementconditions. The above cultivars catalyzed commercialization of crop on large scale and economy of the farmers as well as sustainability of the production system. Blackgram production in rice fellows contributed to area and production increase in the state from 410 kg / ha on 219 00 ha in 1981- 82 to 737 kg/ha on 560,000 ha in 1991-92.

Careful Surgery, Management and Treatment of Feline (Cat) Breast Cancer

Mixed mammary tumors and mammary sarcomas are rare, and sarcomas appear to be low metastasize. Feline mammary complex carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are one of the most common feline neoplasms and represent an important cause of mortality. It is caused at all age’s stage of feline, canine and all types of animal and human beings. There are two main types of tumors, benign and malignant. A malignant mammary tumor is very quickly spread to lateral region of lymph nodes, and sites of local metastases are dictated by lymphatic drainage patterns. The malignant tumor rapidly spread in thoracic mammary gland (cranial and caudal gland), malignant tumor is also known as cancer. Cancer is a groupof diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential spread to otherportion of the body. Benign tumors do not spread to other body portion, and this all tumors are not a cancerous. Mostly the feline mammary tumors are malignant tumors, the ratio or percentage of malignant mammary tumours is higher in cat (86%) as compared to dog (42%) and the histology of feline mammary tumors is closer to that in human breast cancer.

Although there are many kinds of cancer, all cancers start because abnormal cells grow out of control. There are so many different types and different stage of cancercan be having very differently. For example, Breast cancer, lung cancer and skin cancer are very different diseases. They grow at different rates and respond to different treatments.

3D Modeling of Abdominal Surface Area in Cats

The abdominal cavity it presents an ovoid shape and is compressed laterally and is considered the largest body cavity. It is delimited, cranially, by the diaphragm and, caudally, connected with the pelvic cavity. Dorsally, it is bounded by the lumbar vertebrae, muscles and lumbar part of the diaphragm. The side walls are formed by abdominal muscles, peritoneum, caudal ribs, iliac wings and its muscles. The ventral portion is bordered mainly by abdominal muscles and peritoneum. The dividing line between the abdominal and retroperitonealcavities is called terminal line; it is formed dorsally by the base of the sacrum, laterally by the iliopectineal lines, ventrally by the cranial edges of the pubic bones.The retroperitoneal cavity contains the rectum and part of the internal and urinary genital organs.

In the literature review carried out by the authors, no morphometric study was foundthat would determine the abdominal cavity surface area (ACSA) in cats. In humans and rats, the peritoneal surface area (PSA) is indeed described by various methods, due to its importance as direct barrier of exchanges in intraperitoneal therapy.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Of Larvae of Coral Reef Fishes in the Red Sea

The tropical marine ecosystem is characterized by the presence of the coral reefs, which support a large variety of fish communities, and benthic fauna that are sources of eggs and larvae of fish and benthic fauna, and the open ocean, where mesopelagic fish dominate the fish community (Nonaka et al. 2000). The distribution of the pelagic stages of coral reef fishes has received moreattention than any other aspects of their biology and show that larvae of the coral reef fishes can be found from water over the reef to the open ocean many hundreds of kilometres from any reef (Victor, 1987). As such, the knowledge of the natural history and ecology of fish larvae is very important for the understanding of the biology of fishes (Leis & Rennis, 1983).

Fish larval distribution is influenced by spawning behaviour of the adult fish, hydrographic structure at avariety of scales and the interaction with the reef topography, duration of the larval period, behaviour of the larvae and larval mortality and growth and their variation in space and time (Leis, 1991a).

Effect of supplementing essential oils on the in vitro methane production and digestibility of wheat straw

Mitigation of enteric methane emission and decreasing the carbon footprints of ruminants is one of the pressing challenges faced in the ruminant production sector. Not withstanding, because of the intricate relationships existing between theefficiency of feed fermentation in the rumen and methanogenesis, mitigation options have to be evaluated not just in terms of their effect on methane or total green house gases emissions but also on other rumen functional parameters and on their final consequences on animal production.

The efficiency of energy and protein utilization in the rumen is relatively low and can be improved by the modulation of several metabolic pathways, including the inhibition of methane production and deamination in the rumen. This low efficiency not only reduces production performance, but also contributes to the release ofpollutants to the environment. The efficiency can be improved by modulating the activity of specific rumen microbial populations involved in the metabolic pathways. In recent years, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal nutrition has been banned in the European Union because of its relation to the increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to drugs which are used by humans.