Perception that orangutan are forest inhabitants living
in isolated existence may be an accurate geographic portrayal, but overlooks
noncontiguous interactions. While population density appears resource
dependent, it takes a community to “raise” an orang. Their development ofintricate communication techniques reflects the importance of community. Clicks
and “faux speech” represent arousal and alarm calls, in the form of grumphs,
gorkunes, grumbiass . Sophisticated kiss-squeak alarm calls involving cupping hands
around muzzles to reduce pitch, facilitating long-distance sound transmission.
This is not inherited, but learned behavior, reflecting aprolonged childhood.
So-called locomotor independence is delayed at least five years. This is a
period of intense (at least related to later activity levels) learning.
They
are very curious animals, for whom communication is only a part of their
“curriculum.” One of the more intriguing aspects of orang behavior is their use
of tools. Variability among derived family groups, at least during the fiveyear “home life” confirms this as learned, not hereditary behavior. Their
curiosity often leads to discovering new tools and concepts which they share
with their group. This includes building sun covers out of leaves and play
nests. Hygiene is facilitated by creating leaf napkins. Itches (both tactile
and erotic) are “scratched” with sticks; branches, used to swat flies; gloves,
made out of leaves to allow access to spiny fruits and branches. Sticks are
used to extract insects from holes (e.g., in trees) and seeds from fruits.
![Soil Fungi from Wheat Cultivated Soil Fungi from Wheat Cultivated](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim0vJ5c-rdlcdXgY9NBgiGx8Ye7fxhv9QMSq4Supv8rbh6wBzwfxv78Efqt5_9EUbKCe8gbJxBKcFB4r0Ecz-rV8HJNOX3DSSUS1sBd_IGiJjY74CuJYpbPxGRlHCapKMda4F86pEzBo4/s200/Soil+Fungi+from+Wheat+Cultivated+Area+of+Uttar+Pradesh.png)
Soil fungi play an important role as major decomposers in
the soil ecosystem. There are about 75,000 species of soil fungi in the world.
Fungi are one of the dominant groups present in soil, which strongly influence
ecosystem structure and functioning and thus plays a key role in many
ecological services. Therefore, there is a growing interest in assessing soil
biodiversity and its biological functioning.The yield was 2.8 t/ha in 2011-2012cropping year which is very low compared to those in the research farm level(3.5 t/ha to 5.1 t/ha). Coupled with many other factors, diseases also play an
important role in lowering the yield .The process of decomposition is governed
by the succession of fungi at various stage of decomposition nutrient level of
soil, crop residue and prevailing environmental conditions.The current study
was aimed detection of soil fungi from wheat field. The study involved
isolation, identification and screening of soil fungi of fungal species
prevailed Allahabad, Varanasi, and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradesh in
India.
Aspergillus spp can penetrate egg shell and infect the
embryo. The infected embryo may die or hatch with well developed lesion. Ifinfected eggs are broken, large numbers of spores are released, whichcontaminate the hatchery equipment. Aspergillosis can be acute or chronic form.
Acute aspergillosis generally occurs in young birds and resulting in high
morbidity and mortality. The chronic form is sporadic and it causes lesser
mortality and generally affects older birds, especially a compromised immune
system due to poor husbandry condition
The primary axis of a compound apple tree is derived from
a scion bud that is grafted onto the rootstock. When the grafted bud is
vegetative, the primary axis develops directly from the apical meristem. In the
case of a mixed floral bud, the apical meristem terminates in an inflorescence
and the axis development is continued by outgrowth of a sub-terminal axillary
meristem. In plant architecture, these two types of axis development arereferred to as “monopodial” and “sympodial” respectively. In apple, a
vegetative bud contains 9-11 preformed nodes whereas a floral bud has only 5-6
preformed vegetative nodes, which may affect the onset and vigour of primary
axis development. Anecdotally, it is thought that grafting scion wood comprised
mixed floral buds limits young tree growth and therefore final tree size in the
first year of growth after propagation. However, no previous studies have
determined how grafted bud type may quantitatively modify scion architecture
and whole tree dry mass gain.
![Apple Rootstock-Induced Dwarfing Apple Rootstock-Induced Dwarfing](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5_vQlkVFCozjcP6Acb6tdW6KkVdgNS6tJouqE6-tFdAZOq5frqtuNrFP2Vrfw5qk2GG-E2XpyGsY34Oeo1GVaLlFjndkL05R0V9_qV4B1wxVONooHvt9-3MXq4xglFGG9ev8b0x0QM1E/s320/Apple+Rootstock-Induced+Dwarfing+is+Strongly+Influenced+by+Growing+Environment.png)