Effect of Integrated Climate Change Resilient Cultural Practices on Faba Bean Rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) Epidemics in Hararghe Highlands, Ethiopia

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important pulse crop produced in the world for both human diet and animal feed as source of protein and carbohydrate. It is also an excellent complement of crop rotations for fixing atmospheric N and as green manure. China is the largest producer of faba beans in the world and in Africa, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Morocco are the dominant producers of faba bean. In Ethiopia, faba bean production is estimated to account for 3.94% of the total grain production. However, yields of faba beans have seen more fluctuationsthan area harvested and the world cultivated area has decreased in the last 50years. Climate variability, diseases, weeds and other pests are the major constraints of faba bean production. Diseases have always been the major limiting factors and faba bean is susceptible to several pathogenic fungi, the major ones include rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. SchrÖt.), chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.)and recently faba bean gall (Olpidium viciae) in Ethiopia.

Faba bean rust is a major disease of faba bean in almost every area in the world wherefaba bean is grown that can cause up to 70% of yield loss in early infection. The disease is severe and influences yield in areas like the Middle East, North Africa and parts of Australia.

Psychobiotics; A Promise for Neurodevelopmental Therapy

Microbes are ubiquitous as they are found everywhere on the planet. It is therefore not surprising that the human body is made of 90% bacteria cells and only 10% human cells making us a cocktail of human and bacteria cells tightly associated in a mutualistic relationship. These microbesmay play very essential roles in the development of the fetus and that may bewhy they are present in amniotic fluids, amniotic cord blood, and even in healthy neonatal meconium. The human gut microbiome (the collection of all the microorganisms living in association with the human gut) consists of three enterotypes namely, Bacteroides (most abundant and most variable genus), Prevotella and Ruminococcus. Over 1500 gut bacteria species are present in the human body with more than 95% of them residing in the gut. 

These bacteria contain over 8 million distinct genes encoding for several enzymes and proteins which influence host metabolism. Abalance in the richness of the gut bacteria is therefore required forhomeostasis. In various pathological conditions such as chronic anxiety, depression, autism and celiac disease, disease-associated dysbiosis are characterized by an imbalance in the levels, the reciprocal abundance, the presence and/or localization of normal gut bacteria species, rather than an overgrowth of well-defined pathogenic bacteria (as observed in C. difficile infection). Such disease-associated alterations in the microbiome are usually caused by genetic and environmental factors such as drugs, diet, toxins and pathogens.

Current Advancements on the Significance of Oncolytic Viruses in the Treatment of Tumor Cells

Currently, the spread and severity of cancer increase very rapidly and the complex nature of this disease which often involves multiple mutations, overlapping signaling pathways, and the ability to adaptand develop resistance to various therapeutics becomes more evident. Such a complex disease necessitates equally complex therapies such as oncolytic viruses.

Over the past 40 years, anticancer agents have entered clinical practice and improved survival for many patients with cancer. Unfortunately, even for patients who achieve remission following treatment withsurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and some of the newer targeted inhibitors and antibodies, relapse often occurs months or years later.

Dendrimers as an Efficient Catalyst for the Oxidation of Multi Substituted Alcohols

Ideally, dendrimers are perfect mono disperse macromolecules with a regular and highly branched three-dimensional architecture. Dendrimers are produced in an iterative sequence of reaction steps, in which each additional interaction leads to a higher generation material. The first example of an iterative synthetic procedure towardwell-defined branched structures has been reported by Vogtle,who named thisprocedure a “cascade synthesis”. A few years later, in the early 1980s, Denke walter 2-During the early years, the area blossomed and dendrimers based on a variety of repeat units appeared: these included amides, amines, carbo silanes, siloxanes, esters, ethers, phenyl acetylenes, various organometallics, amino acids and even nucleic acid based dendrimers.

In addition, secondary function was also incorporated into these systems. These included porphyrins, phthalocyanines, saccharides, mesogens, anionic and cationic groups and various chromophores. Over the next few years more and more applied systems began to be developed and this area ofapplied research is now one of the most vibrant areas of dendrimer chemistry. Examples of such applications are many and diverse: they include encapsulation and solubilisation,medicinal and bio mimetic applications,novel materials, and catalysis.

Nucleotides and Effect Over Starving Condition on Fish SHK-1 Cells Model

In the industry of productive species, additives play an important role in boosting physiological processes. Nucleotides, which areprecursors of DNA replication, have long been recognized as important elementsin mammalian nutrition. Regarding resistance to infections, it has been shown that groups of mice that are fed diets supplemented with nucleotides have less mortality following infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans than groups of mice that are fed nucleotide-free diets.

This heightened resistance to infection is reported to be the result of increased phagocytic activity of murine peritoneal macrophages, increased T-cell dependent antibody production, and enhanced and elevate bone marrow cells and increase peripheral neutrophil numbers. But at cellular levelthe mechanism of the nucleotides in fish are complete described. We don’t have evidence of physiological roll of the nucleotides in the fish cells and the biotechnology offer opportunity for initiative this kind of study.