Faba bean
(Vicia faba L.) is an important pulse crop produced in the world for both human
diet and animal feed as source of protein and carbohydrate. It is also an
excellent complement of crop rotations for fixing atmospheric N and as green
manure. China is the largest producer of faba beans in the world and in Africa,
Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Morocco are the dominant producers of faba bean. In
Ethiopia, faba bean production is estimated to account for 3.94% of the total
grain production. However, yields of faba beans have seen more fluctuationsthan area harvested and the world cultivated area has decreased in the last 50years. Climate variability, diseases, weeds and other pests are the major
constraints of faba bean production. Diseases have always been the major
limiting factors and faba bean is susceptible to several pathogenic fungi, the
major ones include rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. SchrÖt.), chocolate
spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.)and recently faba bean gall (Olpidium viciae) in
Ethiopia.
![Uromyces viciae-fabae Uromyces viciae-fabae](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRfTEd2LWxTnabcDSFRJAW0sKb8kmdVjD585BFujyoRm34oegziVCBv0yEvp2rKjw0t53JJ_zEmORiD6xjIDbomRWvd3j_sSuv-MxR6cxgVLyiz-01zXbGtuLKvWNTIolsIUXfwD-6ntU/s1600/Uromyces+viciae-fabae.jpg)
Microbes are ubiquitous as they are found everywhere on
the planet. It is therefore not surprising that the human body is made of 90%
bacteria cells and only 10% human cells making us a cocktail of human and
bacteria cells tightly associated in a mutualistic relationship. These microbesmay play very essential roles in the development of the fetus and that may bewhy they are present in amniotic fluids, amniotic cord blood, and even in
healthy neonatal meconium. The human gut microbiome (the collection of all the
microorganisms living in association with the human gut) consists of three
enterotypes namely, Bacteroides (most abundant and most variable genus),
Prevotella and Ruminococcus. Over 1500 gut bacteria species are present in the
human body with more than 95% of them residing in the gut.
![Neurodevelopmental Therapy Neurodevelopmental Therapy](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpNMErX_SEoSLpr0xO9poy2xXZJ2OCpT5QIA67D96gHr-gjOI5gZG5SmDcYisR2mJlLzs3PxkV2p8b-ob7wVLqllajEUQ4luuXQVzbMnIf_TvSxDnmwOGlyZOWR6jZFtNKcBbMk5iNkBI/s320/Neurodevelopmental+Therapy.png)
These bacteria contain over 8 million distinct genes
encoding for several enzymes and proteins which influence host metabolism. Abalance in the richness of the gut bacteria is therefore required forhomeostasis. In various pathological conditions such as chronic anxiety,
depression, autism and celiac disease, disease-associated dysbiosis are
characterized by an imbalance in the levels, the reciprocal abundance, the
presence and/or localization of normal gut bacteria species, rather than an
overgrowth of well-defined pathogenic bacteria (as observed in C. difficile
infection). Such disease-associated alterations in the microbiome are usually
caused by genetic and environmental factors such as drugs, diet, toxins and pathogens.
Ideally, dendrimers are perfect mono disperse
macromolecules with a regular and highly branched three-dimensional
architecture. Dendrimers are produced in an iterative sequence of reaction
steps, in which each additional interaction leads to a higher generation
material. The first example of an iterative synthetic procedure towardwell-defined branched structures has been reported by Vogtle,who named thisprocedure a “cascade synthesis”. A few years later, in the early 1980s, Denke
walter 2-During the early years, the area blossomed and dendrimers based on a
variety of repeat units appeared: these included amides, amines, carbo silanes,
siloxanes, esters, ethers, phenyl acetylenes, various organometallics, amino
acids and even nucleic acid based dendrimers.
![Fish SHK-1 Cells Model Fish SHK-1 Cells Model](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgduAFoZi0pbuuM7YyM89rQsoGzgEHvjZqBDqSmetWNS4usdTyf6n79ccR6R347e5v6rxtX-Iuv7xTvvCN2OnGF8zXmlSixEmL7_srNta13FjpB5xEpCdn-EvmeKC-N-CQ90NFbNldqim8/s320/nucleotides.PNG)
This heightened resistance to infection is reported to be
the result of increased phagocytic activity of murine peritoneal macrophages,
increased T-cell dependent antibody production, and enhanced and elevate bone
marrow cells and increase peripheral neutrophil numbers. But at cellular levelthe mechanism of the nucleotides in fish are complete described. We don’t have
evidence of physiological roll of the nucleotides in the fish cells and the
biotechnology offer opportunity for initiative this kind of study.