Natural Biomaterials for Veterinary Regenerative Therapy

Natural and synthetic biomaterials play an important role in the treatment of different diseases. Current research is trying to obtain differentbiomaterials with optimized characteristics. Mesenchymal stem cells with biomaterial scaffolds can provide a promising strategy for tissue engineering and cellular delivery. Because these cells are key elements of cell therapy of various diseases, evaluation and use of specific substrates is highly important. Concomitant use of stem cells and biomaterial scaffolds offer a hopeful strategy for tissue engineering. In this review, we examine the applications of the different types of natural scaffolds (collagen, fibrinogen, gelatin etc.) and evaluate their use in combination with stem cells for tissue engineering applications.

Tissue engineering is a rapidly developing area that might restore, maintain or improve tissue functions. The major elements of tissue engineering are: integrate cells, scaffolds and biologically active molecules. These componentsproceed synergistically to regulate stem cell propagation and differentiationconsequently ensuring tissue regeneration. Scaffolds provide the environment and space for cells and the bioactive molecules are required to induce regeneration. The fundamental idea of tissue engineering is to induce tissue regeneration at diseased tissues or organs with cells and their environment. This requires a local environment that enables to augment the proliferation and differentiation of cells. The minimum requirements for biomaterials refer to present excellent biocompatibility, controllable biodegradability, appropriate mechanical strength, flexibility and ability to absorb body fluids. The surface morphology is also very important on the attachment of surrounding cells and tissues after implantation. Efficient modification of the scaffold surface may play a significant role in facilitating tissue engineering. Recent findings have reported that surface modification of scaffolds with nano-sized materials or combinations of several biomaterials may stimulate bioactivity, cell proliferation, tissue compatibility and controllable biodegradability.

Identification of Growth Hormone Receptor of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Hormones, growth factors, and other regulatory proteins associated with the so-called “somatotropic axis” are candidate markers for quantitative trait in farm animals. The biological effect of growth hormone (GH) plays numerous importantand central physiological roles in the growth, metabolism, reproduction, immune function, osmoregulation, and other physiological functions of fish and other vertebrates. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is the cell surface receptor for GH and is required for GH to carry out its effects on target tissues. As a receptor, GHR mediates the biological actions of GH on target cells by transducing the GH stimulating signal across the cell membrane and subsequently inducing the transcription of many genes, including IGF-I. Although there are few studies on GHR in fish, in Atlantic salmon GHR appears to play a similar role within the somatotropic axis as in humans and its differential expression is what mediates the cellular response to GH plasma levels, and in particular the production of IGF.

The fish GHR gene has been successfully cloned and characterized in several fish species such as gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), Atlantic (Salmo salar) and masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou), and rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). Significant associations have been observed between GHR gene polymorphism and growth rates by PCR restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) marker (using four restriction enzymes) in 353 individual Cyprinus carpio fish.

Monensin : An antibiotic for cattle production

The monensin is widely used in Australia cattle production systems in order to improve the energy efficiency and to reduce the incidence of metabolic disorders such as acidosis and bloat. 

The monensin is considered as safest for cattle, swine and poultry. Certain incidents of toxicity of monensin were reported in camels and are found to be a valuable source for them.

Ultrastructural Alterations in Anabas testudineus

Aquatic pollution by pesticides and/or herbicides, either through run-off from agricultural land, or by direct applications such as spray drift, aerial spraying and by discharge as effluents from manufacturing industries, is recognized as strong biological poisons. Now, it becomes a threat to non-target aquatic organisms such as fin-fish and shellfish. Now-a-days, the application of herbicides into the aquatic bodies increases several folds to control the invasive plant species such as water hyacinth and hydrilla etc. Glyphosate is the most effective modern third generation, broad-spectrum herbicide andwidely used both in agriculture and paddy-cum-fish-culture system inrecent times. It is a non-selective, cost- effective and post-emergence herbicide. Glyphosate is a weak organic acid; its chemical name is N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine. Glyphosate is soluble in water (12 g/l at 25o C) but insoluble in most organic solvents. Glyphosate is readily degraded both from water and soil by soil microbes to aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). Due to strong adsorptive characteristics, glyphosate and AMPA are not likely to move to groundwater but have the potency to contaminate surface water. Glyphosate is in the toxicity class of III (on I to IV scale, where IV is least dangerous) for oral and inhalation exposure. 

Cytopathological study provides a fast and efficient process to delineate the health status of organisms exposed to xenobiotic substances. Currently, histopathological biomarkers are used extensively for documenting and quantifying exposure level, as well as expressing the effects of environmental stressors. A number of studies on histopathological biomarkers in the evaluation of fish health exposed to contaminants, both in the laboratory and field studies were reported.

Evaluation of the Colour of Dried Dutch Rose Flowers Using a Colorimeter

The visual appearance of flowers, fresh fruits and vegetables is one of the first quality determination made by the consumer. Often the appearance of the commodity is the most critical factor in the initial sale. The flower colour of fresh and dried Dutch rose varieties at Regional Horticultural Research and Extension Centre, UHS (Campus) GKVK, Bengaluru was documented using a Minolta CR-10 portable tristimulus colorimeter. With the colorimeter, flower chromaticity was recorded in Commission Internationale d’ Eclairage L*, C* and h° colour space coordinates. In this system of colour representation the values L*, C* and h°, where L value corresponds to the brightness of the flower, C describes the intensity of the colour and h° represents the hue angle. The colorimeter, however, allowed the description of colours that fell between the colour charts and had the ability to compare the specific colour attributes of different varieties of similar and different colour. The ability to interpolate colours with the colorimeter allows a greater precision in documentation and discrimination of flower colour.

 

Rose as cut flower has great demand in the internal as well as export markets. The demand for cut flowers is increasing day by day with the increasing standard of living, aesthetic sense and awareness in the people. Fresh rose flowers though exquisite in their beauty are highly perishable and delicate in nature and cannot retain their beauty and fresh look for a long time in spite of using best chemicals for enhancing vase life. Moreover, there is a non-availability of fresh flowers all-round the year in all places. In this context rose flowers can be dried, preserved and processed to retain its beauty as well as everlasting value. Dried flowers are long lasting, can be used several times and also meet the decorative demand throughout the year. With growing eco-consciousness, the use of more and more nature-friendly things like dry flowers come as a natural choice for decoration. The life of dried flowers varies according to the species, texture of their petals and total consistency of flowers. Dried flowers can be effectively used for making decorative floral craft items for interior decoration and commercial exploitation. Considering the potential of Dutch roses in dry flower trade, the present studies were undertaken to evaluate the colour of dried Dutch rose flowers of different drying methods using a colorimeter Minolta CR-10. It was selected as an improved colour measurement to more accurately describing the colour.

A Milky Way to Healthy Gut: The Probiotic of All Ages

This article innovatively discusses functional benefits of milk for optimal gut physiology and health. This involves optimizing the gut microbial ecology. Milk with its diverse nature of nutrients and functional items stimulates gastrointestinal digestive and assimilative functions. Milk’s special proteins and lactose help gut microbes retain adequate diversity to allow beneficial strains reproduce and inhibit harmful strains from generating toxins. Milk is an overlooked probiotic of all ages that must be highly included in healthy regimens.

Humans worldwide continue to suffer from a multitude of gastrointestinal diseases and cancers that claim many lives and largely depress life quality. This usually happens in the darkness of insufficient dairy products consumption of mainly fresh milk. The lack of serious exercise and suboptimal food intake rhythms and times are exacerbated by greatly inadequate milk consumption in many parts of the world. This public policy article establishes a global pragmatic science for serious practice to accommodate sufficient milk in daily diets to help gut’s internal and microbial actions remain most beneficial towards improved gut integrity and intermediary metabolism.