VPD is a good
indicator of plant stress, brought about by either excessive transpiration of
water (high VPD values) or the inability to transpire adequately (low VPD
values). Vapor pressure deficit is the difference between the vapor pressure atambient conditions and the vapor pressure at saturation point for the sametemperature. Because saturation vapor pressure increases exponentially with
temperature, VPD increases with temperature exponentially if absolute humidity
is held constant. Therefore, temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD)
effects on plant growth are usually confounded. Increasing VPD rates raise up
the atmospheric demand and consequently higher plant transpiration. Stomatal
closure limits the transpiration rate and sometimes a decrease at high VPD.
Therefore, stomatal closure restricts the corresponding decrease in plant water
potential and prevents excessive water loss.
Leopards are
very elusive and elegant cats and their reproductive behavior has been a
challenging one to document. All behavioral observations were carried out after
the daily cleaning activities of the zoo keepers, from a vantage point
undisturbed and unhindered. The animals were observed for 2 hours at a
frequency of 4 times a day. A total of 38 leopards were included in the study
comprising of 33 animals (17 males and 16 females) from Bannerghatta National
Park and 5 animals (3 males and 2 females) from Aringar Anna Zoological Park.
The study focused on the mating behavior of leopards which was divided into pre-copulatoryperiod, copulatory period and post-copulatory period, invariable of the number
of animals, the total number of matings were regarded prime in this study.
The abundant
growth in the human population has resulted in the extensive degradation of the
wild life habitat, which poses main threat to the conservation of wild felids.
Conservation of these wild felids could be achieved only by reducing the humanwild life conflict and by the proper and through understanding of theirreproductive physiology. However, the data regarding the quantification of the
reproductive parameters requires a collection over multiple generations which
make the study laborious. Although enormous studies had been done exploring the
reproductive behaviors and reproductive success in lions, cheetahs, tigers and
leopards, the basic behaviors of estrus and mating has not yet been elucidated
in these wild felids which are essential for understanding the reproductive
physiology of these species. Leopards have a wide range of distribution with
the exception in the Himalayas and the desert regions. The elusiveness and
behavioral flexibility of the leopards allow this species to survive near
villages and human settlements. Although studies had been done on the
behaviours of reproduction in male leopards, relatively few data are available
for the reproductive behaviour in females. Hence the present was aimed to
elucidate the estrus and mating behaviours of the leopards in captivity.
Animal slurry is widely used as a fertilizer in organic
farms. Dairy cattle typically produce between 42 kg and 64 kg (depending on
body weight) of manure per day, so if they are housed for 50% of the year that
corresponds to 7.6-11.6 tonnes per cow. In many developing nations, animalfaeces have been composted and used to fertilize farm fields. Many factors,
including the type and concentration of substrate, temperature, moisture, pH,
etc., may affect the performance of the anaerobic digestion process in the
bioreactor. The anaerobic digestion of organic waste is also an environmentally
useful technology.described the benefits of this process to reduce
environmental pollution in two main ways: the sealed environment of the process
prevents exit of methane into the atmosphere, while burning of the methane will
release carbon–neutral carbon dioxide (no net effect on atmospheric carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases).
On the other hand, the anaerobic process
has some disadvantages such as long retention times and low removal
efficiencies of organic compounds. Consequently, various physical, chemical and
enzymatic pretreatments are required to increase substrate solubility andaccelerate the biodegradation rate of solid organic waste. In the described
manner of treating the liquid manure its temperature is augmented; our findings
show that in the summer time that it is possible to supply the air from outside
the barn to the aerator pump whereas in winter it is recommendable to supply
warmed air from the barn interior. In this way the liquid manure heating is
accelerated and at the same time the barn microclimate, from which the bad
smell is removed, is improved.
The Ecosystem
Approach Framework for Planning and Management of Coastal Wetlands ‘EA-PMCW’
was developed by Ghoneim, mainly based on developing the principles of the
Ecosystem Approach ‘EA’ into a methodological framework. It aims to support
land-use planning process and achieve sustainable development in coastalwetlands, as one of the most sensitive and productive natural ecosystems onearth. It should be mentioned here that the EA-PMCW was mainly learned from and
built within four wider frameworks:RAMSAR convention for wetlands;The
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment;The principles and guidelines of the ICZM and
The International Convention for Biodiversity. However, it is oriented to
support the environmental land use planning process.
The EA-PMCW transferred
the principles of the Ecosystem Approach ‘EA’ into a methodological framework,
which integrates the distinguished features of the Watershed Approach and othersuitable environmental planning approaches. It is also informed by the review
of international planning and management experiences of EA applications and
related frameworks and practical experiences, from the other EA customized
frameworks. In order to test the applicability of this framework; the research
used semi-structured interviews with the interested local experts. Moreover
exploring the expected potentials and challenges could face the applicability
of the EA-PMCW, a focus group workshop with the environmental managers and
stakeholders helped to form some suitable recommendations for successful
applications in Egypt.
Fishes are one of the best and cheap source of lean meat and
more than half of the population on earth depends on fish for dietary protein
source. From the past decade heavy importance has been given to fish production
and their nutrition. Nutrition is the most important factor influencing theability of cultured fish to exhibit its genetic potential for growth andreproduction. Live Food is the best to feed to fish as it is natural and
healthy (Oramary, S.O.M., Koramarky, D.M.I., Salih, S.A., Mustafa, A.A. 2016).
It is a money saver. But, in artificial tanks and ponds or natural habitats
which are used exclusively for the fish farming and the natural feed
availability is limited. Most commonly used fish feed contains Fish meal as
protein source, which ranges between 10-50% of the operational costs (Ida, M.
1927).
Fishes are one of the best and cheap source of lean meat and
more than half of the population on earth depends on fish for dietary proteinsource. From the past decade heavy importance has been given to fish production
and their nutrition. Nutrition is the most important factor influencing the
ability of cultured fish to exhibit its genetic potential for growth and
reproduction.
