Diagnostic Cytology in Veterinary Medicine

Diagnostic cytology is known for the science of interpretation of cells that are either exfoliated from epithelial surfaces or removed from various tissues. It can be carried out by different methods and it has many applications in diagnosing and confirming different diseases. Cytology is an inexpensive however, powerful diagnostic tool that allows for rapid diagnosis of many common diseases. Cytological examinations identify disease process; neoplasia versus inflammation, specific versus non-specific inflammation. It also used in direct therapy, to form prognosis and to determinate next diagnostic procedures. Character of the lesion and tissue sampled play pivotal roles in the diagnostic value of cytology. 

Familiarity with preferred sampling methods and reported accuracy is critical for veterinary practitioners and sample of good quality is imperative. The 1920s were momentous years in diagnostic cytology. The first monograph of clinical cytology was published in Spain. James Ewing (1866- 1943) introduced aspiration cytology in New York City And Aurel Babes (1886-1961), of Rumania, and George Papanicolaou (1883-1962), of New York City, published papers on detection of uterine cervical cancers by examination of vaginal smears.

Is Reexamining the Roots of Agriculture Needed?

The world’s population is increasing, while areas for productive farming and water supplies are diminishing or already utilized. Thus, intensification of existing systems and new systems (ocean or factory based) are needed. However, what existing farming system can intensify without harming the environment or increasing cost of production? Perhaps the oldest systems may need to be revisited. Early land-based farming systems in Asia and Native North America relied on polycultures and integrated systems. Chemical use for pests and fertilizer was not needed, provided by natural pest inhibitions and recycling. Western systems that followed in North American used slash (clear) and burn and plowing virgin land for short term productivity. 

Once soil fertility was exhausted, farms moved on to new sites, and eventually chemical additions were needed in the form of fertilizers and pesticides. Polluting runoff and unintended targets, including humans, resulted. But family-run farms were small and to a degree integrated. Monocultures, often involving international agribusinesses, became the norm by replacing labor with machinery, and by engineering systems and cultured species for maximum production.

Fisheries of Jemma and Wonchit Rivers: As a Means of Livelihood Diversification and its Challenges in North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

Ethiopia is uniquely rich in water resources. It has numerous water bodies including ponds, lakes, rivers, reservoirs and wetlands. As a landlocked country following the secession of Eritrea in 1993, fisheries in Ethiopia come exclusively from inland sources. The inland water body of Ethiopia is estimated to encompass about 7,400 km2 of lake area and a total river length of about 7,000 km.

Fish is an important food item that has significant socioeconomic contribution as a source of income, employment and cheap protein for marginal people in developing countries including Ethiopia. Inland fisheries are particularly important for the food security of poor people, as most inland fish production goes for subsistence or local consumption. It was estimated that more than 56 million people were directly involved in inland fisheries in the developing world in 2009. Fisheries are one of livelihood strategies that have contributed much to people in developing countries. It is one of the vital strategies for the poor to achieve food, income and other social benefits. For instance, it serves as an important source of diet for over one billion people

Response of Grain Sorghum to Split Application of Nitrogen at Tanqua Abergelle Wereda, North Ethiopia

The large need of plants for nitrogen and the limited ability of soils to supply available nitrogen cause nitrogen to be the most limiting nutrient for crop production on the globe. Worldwide interest associated with increasing cereal grain protein has added an attention on improving the utilization of nitrogen in cereals. Moreover, the concern of ground water contamination, cost of manufacturing and distribution has pressurized farmers to use nitrogen more efficiently.

Proper nitrogen application time and rates are critical to meet crop needs and indicate considerable opportunities for improving nitrogen use efficiency. The growth stage of crops at which fertilizer is applied determines the nitrogen use efficiency; however, the response can vary by genotype. Luxuriant application of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing increases the emergence of broad leaf weeds, thereby the labor requirements for hand weeding, hence, split application of nitrogen is considered as more economical both in terms of weed management and nitrogen use efficiency for optimizing grain yield.

Role of Plasmids in Microbiology

The dynamics of bacterial genome has aroused from a long series of evolutionary events. These evolutionary events are responsible for unique set of biological function in large number of bacteria. Bacteria have two separate genetic systems such as chromosomal DNA and extra-chromosomal DNA. Both genetic systems can undergo gene transfer by various means which accelerates process of evolution in bacterial community. Genetic diversity led by evolution is main cause of bacterial adoptability to vast range of conditions. Bacteria are present everywhere even at extreme conditions such as high salinity, extremely high and low temperature where no higher animal will survive. They have different phenotypic characters along with diverse metabolic activity. There are many processes involved in bacterial genomic diversity such as mutation, recombination and Horizontal gene transfer. 

Mutations are natural alteration during DNA replication or it may occur due to a mutagen. Recombination most commonly takes place between closely related bacterial strains and its frequency decreases with decreasing sequence similarity between the donor and recipient. While mutation brings variation in existing genome, recombination serves alteration within a species. But both of them has little contribution for microbial evolution in comparison to the horizontal gene transfer which alters the genes across the species boundaries.

Lignin Degradation by Fungal Pretreatment: A Review

Global warming and increasing prices of fossil fuels influencing the improvement of renewable energy and biofuel production technologies. Bioethanol production by biomass digestion promises to be one of the most effective methods for producing renewable and sustainable energy. Lignocellulosic raw materials include agricultural wastes, forest products or energy crops and constitute abundant, widely distributed and inexpensive feedstocks for biofuels production. The major compositions of plant cell wall are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. High amount of sugars can be produced from cellulose and hemicellulose, using acid as the catalyst, or enzymatic hydrolysis and reformed into bioethanol by a fermentation procedure. 

Most physical and chemical pre-treatment using acid, alkali, processes require special instrument and consume a lot of energy and generate inhibitors which will affect enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Many researches displayed that biological pretreatment such as bacteria, fungus (white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi), deuteromycetes and ascomycetes can enhance the hydrolysis productivity because of generating low inhibitors and limited energy utilization. Furthermore, biological pretreatment compared to other pretreatment process such as organosolvant and ammonium fiber explosion (AFEX) is considered as cheap process and have been less investigated

Sex Determination in Gibbons of Genus Nomascus using Non-invasive Method

Gibbons of genus Nomascus have a pronounced sexual dimorphism which is detectable until after the onset of physical maturity. Males maintain a black coat with white hair on the cheeks after reaching theirphysical maturity. In contrast females change into cream to golden coloured coat with black faces and dark or black hair on the head. Infants are born buff, by six month of age they begin their colour change, reaching a complete colour change by eighteen month of age. Adult males and immature of both sexes are thus blackish in colour.

Identical coloration of young animals makes the sex determination complicated. The situation is further complicated by the fact that female Nomascus are characterized as having a peniform clitoris, and a membrane has been shown to occlude the vulva. The clitoris of females is almostas big as the penis and also contains a bacculum compared to genus Symphalangusor Hylobates. Resemblance to the male is enhanced by black pelage in immature females and therefore it caused confusion in identifying their sex

Infectious Coryza in Jimma Backyard Chicken Farms: Clinical and Bacteriological Investigation

Chicken production promises considerable potential to improve livelihood of rapidly increasing populations of developing countries. For many poor people in these countries, chickens are the only type oflivestock they can afford to keep, which are relatively risk free. With an estimated 60% of the total chicken population in East Africa, Ethiopia has an around 45 million heads. Of the national flock, the local breeds represent 98%

 

Despite this huge population of poultry, the industry in the country remains highly undeveloped due to many constraints of which one is diseases. Although it is understood that diseases cause great losses, many of them are unstudied. Infectious coryza is one of such poultry catastrophes.

Stock Assessment and Estimation of Optimum Yield for Tilapia Stock (Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia

The basic purpose of stock assessment is to provide decision makers with the information necessary to make rational choices on the optimum level of exploitation of aquatic living resources such as fish. Aquatic living resources are limited butrenewable, and fish stock assessment may be described as the search for the exploitation level, which in the long run gives the maximum sustainable bio-economic yield in weight from fishery.

Fish resource utilization is the primary and an important economic activity. Its purpose is to provide a flow of benefits to human society; it serves as a food because ofits rich nutritional value in provision of protein. The global capture fisheries production in 2008 was reported by FAO, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, as 90 million tones, with an estimated first-sale value of US$93.9 billion, comprising about 80 million tons from marine waters and 10 million tons from inland waters.