Diagnostic cytology is known for the science of interpretation of cells that are either exfoliated from epithelial surfaces or removed from various tissues. It can be carried out by different methods and it has many applications in diagnosing and confirming different diseases. Cytology is an inexpensive however, powerful diagnostic tool that allows for rapid diagnosis of many common diseases. Cytological examinations identify disease process; neoplasia versus inflammation, specific versus non-specific inflammation. It also used in direct therapy, to form prognosis and to determinate next diagnostic procedures. Character of the lesion and tissue sampled play pivotal roles in the diagnostic value of cytology.
![Diagnostic Cytology in Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Cytology in Veterinary Medicine](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQgI9aPyp42-zKIEMRTa6hOSOq9-rjkxpRdgKZ3Q6E5ISWI8lNqWYnEA8ZbeYSfIp30JgpsBKVa41zEh1Y9yVgN9RyXfbO53f6-oQoBDIrp_XZrZTG4hwh68-Jycj23r4Khi7MBYLvVY4/s200/Diagnostic+Cytology+in+Veterinary+Medicine.png)
Familiarity with preferred sampling methods and reported accuracy is critical for veterinary practitioners and sample of good quality is imperative. The 1920s were momentous years in diagnostic cytology. The first monograph of clinical cytology was published in Spain. James Ewing (1866- 1943) introduced aspiration cytology in New York City And Aurel Babes (1886-1961), of Rumania, and George Papanicolaou (1883-1962), of New York City, published papers on detection of uterine cervical cancers by examination of vaginal smears.
The world’s population is increasing, while areas for productive farming and water supplies are diminishing or already utilized. Thus, intensification of existing systems and new systems (ocean or factory based) are needed. However, what existing farming system can intensify without harming the environment or increasing cost of production? Perhaps the oldest systems may need to be revisited. Early land-based farming systems in Asia and Native North America relied on polycultures and integrated systems. Chemical use for pests and fertilizer was not needed, provided by natural pest inhibitions and recycling. Western systems that followed in North American used slash (clear) and burn and plowing virgin land for short term productivity.
Ethiopia is uniquely rich in water resources. It has numerous water bodies including ponds, lakes, rivers, reservoirs and wetlands. As a landlocked country following the secession of Eritrea in 1993, fisheries in Ethiopia come exclusively from inland sources. The inland water body of Ethiopia is estimated to encompass about 7,400 km2 of lake area and a total river length of about 7,000 km.
![Fisheries of Jemma and Wonchit Rivers Fisheries of Jemma and Wonchit Rivers](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdx2NreEJgRPwBZvMMIUqKoEEy-N7c94Cz6AVm0NxwnUn6xnYSY3FBV5yWqFsF_xGCE4BSrMp4kcHD8P1HiFyObi9bcUaAWhOLdSawySyRn1j4rRIWfpBp4lRODtlYjd4hYzwoPGEX810/s200/Fisheries+of+Jemma+and+Wonchit+RiversAs+a+Means+of+Livelihood+Diversification+and+its+Challenges+in+North+Shewa+Zone%252C+Ethiopia.png)
Fish is an important food item that has significant socioeconomic contribution as a source of income, employment and cheap protein for marginal people in developing countries including Ethiopia. Inland fisheries are particularly important for the food security of poor people, as most inland fish production goes for subsistence or local consumption. It was estimated that more than 56 million people were directly involved in inland fisheries in the developing world in 2009. Fisheries are one of livelihood strategies that have contributed much to people in developing countries. It is one of the vital strategies for the poor to achieve food, income and other social benefits. For instance, it serves as an important source of diet for over one billion people
![Grain Sorghum Grain Sorghum](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb-YiReweK9wJmP5UfHV_DTophLy_XsZ-T3NOfBWRuqPpnTeCnLHLvt_5CqcAt7zDXRy_YtS7nk2nFiuBjT1RYobKoGyNTasuE1oFtCyoFzI3bpqnJWw6_6mIT_rETXemEW37ktK8IBeE/s320/Response+of+Grain+Sorghum+to+Split+Application+of+Nitrogen+at+Tanqua+Abergelle+Wereda%252C+North+Ethiopia.jpg)
Proper nitrogen application time and rates are critical to meet crop needs and indicate considerable opportunities for improving nitrogen use efficiency. The growth stage of crops at which fertilizer is applied determines the nitrogen use efficiency; however, the response can vary by genotype. Luxuriant application of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing increases the emergence of broad leaf weeds, thereby the labor requirements for hand weeding, hence, split application of nitrogen is considered as more economical both in terms of weed management and nitrogen use efficiency for optimizing grain yield.
The dynamics of bacterial genome has aroused from a long series of evolutionary events. These evolutionary events are responsible for unique set of biological function in large number of bacteria. Bacteria have two separate genetic systems such as chromosomal DNA and extra-chromosomal DNA. Both genetic systems can undergo gene transfer by various means which accelerates process of evolution in bacterial community. Genetic diversity led by evolution is main cause of bacterial adoptability to vast range of conditions. Bacteria are present everywhere even at extreme conditions such as high salinity, extremely high and low temperature where no higher animal will survive. They have different phenotypic characters along with diverse metabolic activity. There are many processes involved in bacterial genomic diversity such as mutation, recombination and Horizontal gene transfer.
![Plasmids in Microbiology Plasmids in Microbiology](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh784mv4n5l8oCUoN-f71C9DiLOumghESv5teYoxnAPncxpxkXkh4MUk9ZHplcoDlbrhsSr-uoDwtra0L8evisWBMhLfHE0YNp3XOtA_MkN8e35qYY8XYCj8KdszQAM8TQTeOmaXo5DEE8/s200/Role+of+Plasmids+in+Microbiology.png)
Mutations are natural alteration during DNA replication or it may occur due to a mutagen. Recombination most commonly takes place between closely related bacterial strains and its frequency decreases with decreasing sequence similarity between the donor and recipient. While mutation brings variation in existing genome, recombination serves alteration within a species. But both of them has little contribution for microbial evolution in comparison to the horizontal gene transfer which alters the genes across the species boundaries.
Global warming and increasing prices of fossil fuels influencing the improvement of renewable energy and biofuel production technologies. Bioethanol production by biomass digestion promises to be one of the most effective methods for producing renewable and sustainable energy. Lignocellulosic raw materials include agricultural wastes, forest products or energy crops and constitute abundant, widely distributed and inexpensive feedstocks for biofuels production. The major compositions of plant cell wall are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. High amount of sugars can be produced from cellulose and hemicellulose, using acid as the catalyst, or enzymatic hydrolysis and reformed into bioethanol by a fermentation procedure.
![Lignin Degradation Lignin Degradation](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic3ot99dxfpnP9RIsS7No0rfydFxBp7dCfdHjEDBfQUau0QsS9fvCeOpNfZQQxwOR6pT1sSFwjNa1TeTarEmy2_QENL_fDY5-fVt7gHpXXHaW9zJP4QMVXgrZ7YQlPdFRnSlKOdlggQck/s320/Lignin+Degradation+by+Fungal+PretreatmentA+Review.png)
Most physical and chemical pre-treatment using acid, alkali, processes require special instrument and consume a lot of energy and generate inhibitors which will affect enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Many researches displayed that biological pretreatment such as bacteria, fungus (white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi), deuteromycetes and ascomycetes can enhance the hydrolysis productivity because of generating low inhibitors and limited energy utilization. Furthermore, biological pretreatment compared to other pretreatment process such as organosolvant and ammonium fiber explosion (AFEX) is considered as cheap process and have been less investigated
Gibbons of genus Nomascus have a pronounced sexual
dimorphism which is detectable until after the onset of physical maturity.
Males maintain a black coat with white hair on the cheeks after reaching theirphysical maturity. In contrast females change into cream to golden coloured
coat with black faces and dark or black hair on the head. Infants are born
buff, by six month of age they begin their colour change, reaching a complete
colour change by eighteen month of age. Adult males and immature of both sexes
are thus blackish in colour.
The basic
purpose of stock assessment is to provide decision makers with the information
necessary to make rational choices on the optimum level of exploitation of
aquatic living resources such as fish. Aquatic living resources are limited butrenewable, and fish stock assessment may be described as the search for the
exploitation level, which in the long run gives the maximum sustainable
bio-economic yield in weight from fishery.
Fish resource
utilization is the primary and an important economic activity. Its purpose is
to provide a flow of benefits to human society; it serves as a food because ofits rich nutritional value in provision of protein. The global capture
fisheries production in 2008 was reported by FAO, Fisheries and Aquaculture
Department, as 90 million tones, with an estimated first-sale value of US$93.9
billion, comprising about 80 million tons from marine waters and 10 million
tons from inland waters.