Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control Technique of Newcastle Disease

Newcastle disease is a highly contagious economically devastating viral disease of poultry. The virus that cause Newcastle disease is grouped under family paramyxoviridae,genus Avulavirus and species Newcastle disease virus or avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). The genus of this virus has RNA nucleotide, enveloped, single-stranded (SS) and has negative sense. The avian paramyxovirus contain six structural protein matrix(M), RNA polymerase(L), phosphoprotin(P), nucleoprotein(NP), hemagglutinin neuraminidase(NH) and fusion(F). Protein V and W are additionally encoded by RNA editing of P protein. Paramyxovirus type 1 can cause disease in birds of all types, sex and age.

Based on their virulence avia paramyxovirus (APMV-1) has been divided in to three or more pathotypes. Velogenic neurotropic strain typically associated with neurological andrespiratory sign. Velogenic viscerotropic strain typically associated with gastrointestinal lesion. These two strains are more virulent. Mesogenic strain is moderate virulence while, lantogenic strains is the least virulence and used for vaccine preparation.

Present Status and Future Prospects of Fish Vaccination: A Review

Fisheries are based on complex resources which include hundreds of kinds of fish. Each species has its own habits, living in differentkinds of water, has different market qualities but together they provide excellent protein-rich food in far greater variety than animal agriculture.

Aquaculture is growing rapidly worldwide than all other food animal producing sectors. The production has increased from representing9% of the fisheries resources in 1980 to a current 43%, actually and, it is thought that production will need to double in the next 25 years. According to Bensussan et al., world food and agriculture organization (FAO) promotes aquaculture not only for being an important source of money, but also for its great contribution to food security and social development of many countries.