Ideally, dendrimers are perfect mono disperse
macromolecules with a regular and highly branched three-dimensional
architecture. Dendrimers are produced in an iterative sequence of reaction
steps, in which each additional interaction leads to a higher generation
material. The first example of an iterative synthetic procedure towardwell-defined branched structures has been reported by Vogtle, who named thisprocedure a “cascade synthesis”. A few years later, in the early 1980s, Denke
walter 2-During the early years, the area blossomed and dendrimers based on a
variety of repeat units appeared: these included amides, amines, carbo silanes,
siloxanes, esters, ethers, phenyl acetylenes, various organometallics, amino
acids and even nucleic acid based dendrimers.
Shrimp represents one of the most widely consumed species
of the Mediterranean and comprise an important source of nutrients in the human
diet. Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso 1827, commercial name: giant red shrimp)
of the Aristeidae family is widely distributed in the eastern and western
Atlantic, the western Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and
located at depths ranging from 250 m to 1300 m with maximum abundance found between
500 m and 700 m. Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas 1846, deep seawater roseshrimp) of the Penaeidae family lives at depths ranging from 20 m to 700 m.
Parapenaeus longirostris is commonly found in all over the Mediterranean and
the Atlantic, as well as, in the West (from Massachusetts to French Guiana) and
the East (from Portugal to Angola).
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNHnIIZmSPQ02q1u8-0nX-Ep59BYEN6d4gEl0_V0CIzq6TCHJGedkxh_k_xGmnAN_L_TzKkTnXfZCd7Eq3WMVeZVuy-pjJ7aSpP3kOnf_f0lO76O0qRsZppY-PN8WZDs7fCg4JkiTr-oE/s320/Aristaeomorpha+foliacea.jpg)
Aristaeomorpha foliacea is distinguished by
an intense uniform red coloring and it is considered large-sized, with ranging
on average from 13 cm to 20 cm, while P. longirostris has a rose color and itslength ranges from 8 to 16 cm . The color of shrimp is due to its carotenoid
content, which provides the typical red-orange tissue pigmentation and varies
according to its native habitat. The differences between the shrimp species
seem to be highly dependent on the type and variability of the oceanography of
the sea and the trophic characteristics in which these species spend most of
their adult life.
Blackgram
(minumulu) is a very important grain legume crop grown in Andhra Pradesh in all
the seasons but predominantly during rabi under rice fallows. The GunturDistrict ranks first in Andhra Pradesh for the production of blackgram.
Blackgram is very nutritious as it contains high levels of proteins, potassium,
calcium, iron, niacin (B3), thimine (B1), Riboflavin (B2). Blackgram has been
shown to be useful in mitigating elevated cholesterol levels. Blackgram has
received prominence in Indian dites especially for culinary preparation of dal,
Idli, Vada, Dosa, papad.
![Evaluation of Blackgram Germplasm Evaluation of Blackgram Germplasm](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUM5hiERVbMvcNH2z-ELpngDgJP7PbX14LxhBRbMCBRMxkPhR9CKo-f9SA5-LdoOf5SVXcKchLXuOhPfMzipRf8DUrS073lfdlKi3Kks8ayYlBkyA6B-HVxjDsUQE4HCqg2BCV2Jt2G80/s200/Evaluation+of+Blackgram+Germplasm+for+Resistance+against+YMV.jpg)
Although
blackgram has been traditionally cultivated after rice in krishna delta, it was
consider only as subsistent crop with yields usually below 0.5 t/ha. Following
comprehensive constraint analysis in 1980’s cultivar improvement programme was
initiated Satyanarayana 1994 and the resistant disease resistant varieties
LBG-17 (powderynildw disease), LBG -402 (wilt), LBG - 645 banda polish (wilt)
etc... With yields exceeding 2.5 t / ha under with minimal management
conditions. The above cultivars catalyzed commercialization of crop on largescale and economy of the farmers as well as sustainability of the productionsystem. Blackgram production in rice fellows contributed to area and production
increase in the state from 410 kg / ha on 219 00 ha in 1981- 82 to 737 kg/ha on
560,000 ha in 1991-92.
Fighting conch Strombus pugilis is one of six conch
species distributed throughout the Caribbean Sea on sandy bottoms in inshore
waters. Along with the conches S. gigas and S. costatus, S. pugilis is a marine
resource of ecological and economical importance. Until recently, S. gigas meat
was a popular staple food among human populations in the Caribbean region but
is now used mostly as an ingredient in tourist restaurants. S. pugilis is stillwidely consumed by people in the Caribbean, and its shell is used in jewelrymaking. This conch species is also now sought after for use in aquariology,
with prices ranging from $6 to $30 USD per animal in markets as varied as
Southeast Florida, Brazil and the West Indies. Finally, conch species are
grazers, and provide the important environmental service of keeping sea grass
and algae in balance.
No other words arouse more interest and excitement than
“sex” and “gender”. However, clear, concise definitions of these terms sensu
stricto are elusive, despite the fact that Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
published, in 1753, a “Sexual system” of plant systematics (with reference to
gender issues in humans) that was later abandoned by botanists. Recently, theterm “sex” (in humans) was used with reference to organs, chromosomalcomplements and hormones related to reproduction. In contrast, “gender” was
defined as “cultural attitudes that shape ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’ behaviors
that are learned and vary by culture, historical era, and ethnicity”.
![Sea Urchins and Leeches Sea Urchins and Leeches](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI_PXSvH2FJA93UolK16gkFKyGAEvsSi4keUFE0Wou2MD_TSkuKIJYEemxR-nTDTJOZxCQHQzBJflIvgCuDhBDQVmoTMfcOvWPmhI9Nmrz8rFlpWp8I2USyRWCwVmtZmaGYGYk7tbWZSc/s200/Sex+versus+Gender+in+Sea+Urchins+and+Leeches+Two+Centuries+after+Lamarck+1816.png)
In addition, in animal research, the “g-word” is used to
indicate the attitude of investigators with respect to the handling of male or
female laboratory animals. Here, I analyze the original “Linnaean” meaning of“sex” within the context of bi-parental reproduction, with reference to
Lamarck’s (1816) description of a marine model organism that has later been
used to elucidate this process at the sub-cellular level. In addition, Charles
Darwin’s (1809-1882) concept of different gender roles in sexually reproducing
groups of males/females and hermaphroditic animals is addressed.