Community Culture in the Solitary Orang-utan (Pongo)

Perception that orangutan are forest inhabitants living in isolated existence may be an accurate geographic portrayal, but overlooks noncontiguous interactions. While population density appears resource dependent, it takes acommunity to “raise” an orang. Their development of intricate communication techniques reflects the importance of community.

Orang-utan 

Clicks and “faux speech” represent arousal and alarm calls, in the form of grumphs, gorkunes, grumbiass. Sophisticated kiss-squeak alarm calls involving cupping hands around muzzles to reduce pitch, facilitating long-distance sound transmission. This is not inherited, but learned behavior, reflecting aprolonged childhood. So-called locomotor independence is delayed at least five years. This is a period of intense (at least related to later activity levels) learning. They are very curious animals, for whom communication is only a part of their “curriculum.” One of the more intriguing aspects of orang behavior is their use of tools. Variability among derived family groups, at least during the five year “home life” confirms this as learned, not hereditary behavior. Their curiosity often leads to discovering new tools and concepts which they share with their group. This includes building sun covers out of leaves and play nests. Hygiene is facilitated by creating leaf napkins. Read more>>>>>>>

Postmortem Study on Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Rumen and Reticulum of Ruminants Slaughtered at Asella Municipal Abattoir, Southeastern Ethiopia

Ethiopia is resource full country endowed with larges population of livestock in Africa. The total cattlepopulation of the country is estimated to be about 57.83 million, whereas the number of small ruminants is estimated to exceed 58 million.

Reticulum of Ruminants

However, development this sector is hampered by different constraints and has not been fully exploited the benefit of indigenous livestock compared to its tremendous potential. Significant losses result each year from the death of animals as a result of lack of appropriate veterinary services, lack of attention from government, wide spread endemic disease and recurrent drought. Ingestible foreign body predisposed by environmental pollution is currently becoming a global health problem of ruminants and have been implicated as among common causes of sudden death. Different studies have shown that ruminants reared in urban and suburban areas have high probability to ingest indigestible materials such as plastic, cloth, wire, leather and metal. Ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies by animals is mainly associated with nutritional deficiencies, environmental pollution and poor feeding management. Read more>>>>>>

Effect of Beta-Glucan and Resistant Starch on Prebiotic Dough and Bread Properties.

White bread is a staple food in the human diet in many countries and a popular and convenient cereal product; it is also a poor source of dietary fiber,containing typically less than 2.5% fiber content. In fact, white wheat bread is commonly used as a high glycemic index reference in glycemic response. A demand therefore exists for the development of bread with substances that are non-digestible polysaccharides or partially resistant to the digestive process.

Functional foods either contain (or add) a component with a positive health effect or eliminate a component with a negative one, as they must be safe, healthy and tasty. Addition of healthy components such as prebiotics to food products is a common approach to development of these kinds of foods. According to the definition by, prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or more bacteria (probiotics) in the gastrointestinal tract and thus improve host health.(Read more)

Ecotrophic Character of Primate Evolution.

It may have been PT Barnum or the designer of the Field of Dreams who said that if we build it, they will come. While they have been among the first to vocalize the concept, nature actually preempted them in its application. Whether we examine the fossil record or the depths of the sea, we find that nature accommodates whatever niche is afforded by geologic or climatic processes. Is there an environ too hostile for life? Presence not only of bacteria but also of higher forms (e.g., worms) at volcanic vents suggests the adaptablity and resiliance of life.

The fossil record clearly demonstrates that a new organism fairly rapidly replaces a life form that can no longer survive in a given niche, be it geographically, geologically or biologically-defined. The classic example is that of the various morphotypes of saber tooth tigers, whose extinction and reinvention repeatedly filled vacated niches four times in 28 million years. Intriguingly, preservation of morphotype was at the expense of genotype, with unrelated families (not even felidae) serially replacing those that went extinct. Was primate evolution similarily a form of ecotrophism?. (Read more)

A Cross-Sectional Study on Calf Health and Management Problems on Small Scale Dairy Farms of Selected Zones, Southern Ethiopia

The dairy industry is a large and dynamic segment of the agricultural economy of many nations and the major suppliers of milk and milk products to the urban and periurban consumers. Periurban and urban dairies are intensive productionsystems, which keep high grade cows and have improved management practices but this is usually associated with increase susceptibility to disease, poor survival rate and poor reproductive performance.

Farms in young stock, a good nutritional strategy optimize rumen development and growth while minimizing stress and disease. Livestock housing conditions greatly affects health and productivity. A relationship between housing and health during the rearing period has been described by several authors. Cleanliness of the barn influences calf health, as calves housed in unclean barns are at higher risk of disease than calves housed in clean barns.Colostrum contains a high level of nutrients important for lamb health and performance. it contains a high level of antibodies against a variety of infectious agents. The poor immune system and lack of previous exposure to infection make new born calves susceptible to infectious diseases and poor management.(Read more)

Impact of Global Climate Change on Charcoal Rot of Sesame Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops in Pakistan. It was originated from East Africa and South Asia about 5000 years ago. In theworld, it is cultivated on an area of 8.26 million hectares with the Productionof 3.31 million tons, whereas in Pakistan, total area under cultivation is 80 thousand hectares with an annual production of 32.4 thousand tons during 2015-16 (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics). It has high nutritional value as it contains moisture 04.0-05.3, protein 18.3-25.4, oil 43.3-44.3, saturated fatty acids 14.0, monounsaturated fatty acids 39.0, polyunsaturated fatty acids 46.0, ash 05.2-06.2, glucose 03.2, fructose 02.6, sucrose 0.2 and phytosterols 0.4%.

Successful production of sesame is facing numerous restrains of fungal, bacterial, viral and phytoplasma diseases owing to highly virulent aggressive strains of pathogens. Among these constrains, Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.). Gold is the most important one, which are a destructive soil born, polyphagus and thermophilic fungal pathogen. M. phaseolina is causing huge losses of about USD 146 million in Nigeria with 40-57% disease incidence whereas in Pakistan 50-75% disease incidences have been observed. However, increased growth and development rate of this pathogen results total crop failures under favourable soil and environmental conditions.(Read more)

Stock Assessment and Estimation of Optimum Yield for Tilapia Stock (Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia.

The basic purpose of stock assessment is to provide decision makers with the information necessary to makerational choices on the optimum level of exploitation of aquatic living resourcessuch as fish. Aquatic living resources are limited but renewable, and fish stock assessment may be described as the search for the exploitation level, which in the long run gives the maximum sustainable bio-economic yield in weight from fishery.

Fish resource utilization is the primary and an important economic activity. Its purpose is to provide a flow of benefits to human society; it serves as a food because of its rich nutritional value in provision of protein. The global capture fisheries production in 2008 was reported by FAO, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, as 90 million tones, with an estimated first-sale value of US$93.9 billion, comprising about 80 million tons from marine waters and 10 million tons from inland waters.(Read More)

Analysis of Microfinance Banks Support to Agricultural Lending in Edo State, Nigeria.

Globally, 1.2 billion people are extremely poor (surviving on less than USD 1 a day), and three quarters live in rural areas. Poverty is predominantly a rural phenomenon. Extremely poor peoplespend more than half of their income to obtain (or produce) staple foods, whichaccount for more than two thirds of their caloric intake. Most of these people suffer from nutritional deficiencies, and many go hungry at certain times of the year. In recent years, development agencies and national governments have renewed their commitment to reducing poverty, hunger and other human deprivations, as evidenced by the Millennium Development Goals. Among other objectives, the goals aim to halve the proportion of people living on less than USD 1 a day by 2015 (from the starting level of 1990). That means cutting the share of extremely poor people in low- and middle-income countries from 28 to 14%.

The goals also call for halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015. Rural poverty and hunger fell sharply between 1975 and 1990, but the rate of poverty reduction has since slowed. Net aid (that is, official development assistance) to developing countries fell from 0.35% of the gross national income in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1982-83 to 0.24% in 2002-03. The real value of net aid disbursed to agriculture in the late 1990s was only 35% of the level in the late 1980s, according to IFAD. And, although the proportion of the economically active population engaged in agriculture has been falling in developing regions, it still exceeds 50% in Africa and Asia.(Read More)

Microbial Evaluation of Selected Post Harvest Processing Techniques for Quality Fish Product at Bahir Dar Town, Ethiopia

Fish is a highly nutritious food for providing high quality protein and income to many people in the developing world. In Africa, 5% of the population (35 million people) depends on the fisheries sector for their livelihood. However, fish is one of the mostperishable of all the foods because it is a suitable medium for growth of microorganisms after death. In the tropics at ambient temperature fish will spoil within 12-20 hrs depending on species and method of capture.

Lake Tana, the largest lake in Ethiopia, creates job opportunity for 3,514 fishers. Most communities engaged in fisheries of L. Tana have been experiencing significant loss. Fish postharvest loss in Lake Tana is more than 30%, excluding low value fish parts. 

Losses occur as a result of flaws in the handling, storage, distribution, processing and marketing techniques. Traditional fish processing and preservation method is the only method used to dry fish in the study area where the price of the such fish is very low due to quality problems affecting the fishers’ livelihood and nutrient loss for the consumers. Hence, it is important to identify appropriate improved fish processing methods to reduce postharvest fish loss, increase quality, and market value and their income. This could be by upgrading the traditional fish processing technology and adoption of solar dryer. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of fish processed by solar tent, open air rack and smoking methods.(Read more)

Response of Grain Sorghum to Split Application of Nitrogen at Tanqua Abergelle Wereda, North Ethiopia

The large need of plants for nitrogen and the limited ability of soils to supply available nitrogen cause nitrogen to be the most limiting nutrient for crop production on the globe. Worldwide interest associated with increasing cereal grain protein has added anattention on improving the utilization of nitrogen in cereals. Moreover, the concern of ground water contamination, cost of manufacturing and distribution has pressurized farmers to use nitrogen more efficiently.

Proper nitrogen application time and rates are critical to meet crop needs and indicate considerable opportunities for improving nitrogen use efficiency.The growth stage of crops at which fertilizer is applied determines the nitrogen use efficiency; however, the response can vary by genotype. Luxuriant application of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing increases the emergence of broad leaf weeds, thereby the labor requirements for hand weeding, hence, split application of nitrogen is considered as more economical both in terms of weed management and nitrogen use efficiency for optimizing grain yield.(Read more)

Sulfated Polysaccharides in Diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Initial Growth Phase.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO, the consumption of fish has rapidly increased in recent years, especially in the last decades, going from 9.9 kg per individual in 1960s to 19.7 kg per individual in 2013. This increase in consumption leads to the demand, by the consumer, that management methods,breeding and nutrition be improved, thus increasing productivity.

In the fish production chain, the improvement of a few productive traits, such as specific growth, is essential for the success of the activity, given that, from the economic point-of-view, this trait is prominent for being intrinsically connected to productivity and production profitability. In this context, the use of economically feasible and natural nutritional compounds, capable of promoting such increment in animal growth, can be an important ally to the producer.(Read more)

Environmentally- Friendly Proposals for Coastal Stability at Rosetta Promontory, Nile Delta !

The Nile Delta was formed by sedimentary processes occurred between the Upper Miocene period and the present. The advance and recession of the shoreline are governed by the amount of river sediment discharged into the Mediterranean to those sediments that are lost by the dynamic factors of the wind, wave and current action.The study area mainlyhas two activities; fishing, and agriculture. The agriculture sector includes cultivating date palms, and fruit tree.

Fisheries activities represents an important source for income. Rosetta outlet is the only navigation path for the fishermen from the Nile river branch to the Miditeranean sea.Although the fishing sector is vital to population,the city has no fishing port. No location for the fisheries association which is comprised of about 12000 members (40% of Rosetta population are fishermen).(Read more)

The Comparison of Antibodies Raised Against PLRV with Two Different Approaches - Viral Particles Purification and Recombinant Production of CP.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops in human nutrition having potential of vital food security. It is the fourth largest food crop cultivated in more than 100 countries throughout the world and has gained a status of globally traded commodity.

Potato is infected by at least 40 viruses and 2 viroids and mixed viral infection is frequent. The primary infection triggers the rolling of young leaves with upright growth pattern appearing pale yellow, tinged purple, pink or red with many cultivars. Whereas, secondary symptoms turned out to be severe with overall rolled leaves with leathery texture, stunted growth and tuber necrosis.(Read more)

Probiotic Lactobacillus Species Strengthen Intestinal Barrier Function and Tight Junction Integrity in Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory intestinal disorder that affects premature infants. Despite years of research, it remains the most common gastrointestinal emergency seen in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). NEC is associated with an average mortality of 15-30%, but may be as high as 75-85% in its most severe forms. Survivors may require surgical resection of necrotic bowel and incur associated morbidities, including short gut syndrome, growth delay, and neurodevelopment disorders. 

The pathophysiology of NEC is not well understood and as a result, care is mostly supportive with no defined preventative therapy available. There currently are no recommended strategies that consistently prevent NEC. The possibility of administering probiotic species to protect at-risk infants from developing NEC is a captivating concept that has received significant attention.(Read More)

Community Culture in the Solitary Orang-utan (Pongo)

Perception that orangutan are forest inhabitants living in isolated existence may be an accurate geographic portrayal, but overlooks noncontiguous interactions. While population density appears resource dependent, it takes a community to “raise” an orang. Their development of intricate communication techniques reflects the importance of community. Clicks and “faux speech” represent arousal and alarm calls, in the form of grumphs,gorkunes, grumbiass. Sophisticated kiss-squeak alarm calls involving cupping hands around muzzles to reduce pitch, facilitating long-distance sound transmission. This is not inherited, but learned behavior, reflecting aprolonged childhood. So-called locomotor independence is delayed at least five years. 

This is a period of intense (at least related to later activity levels) learning. They are very curious animals [6], for whom communication is only a part of their “curriculum.” One of the more intriguing aspects of orang behavior is their use of tools [7]. Variability among derived family groups, at least during the five year “home life” confirms this as learned, not hereditary behavior [8]. Their curiosity often leads to discovering new tools and concepts which they share with their group [7]. This includes building sun covers out of leaves and play nests. Hygiene is facilitated by creating leaf napkins. Itches (both tactile and erotic) are “scratched” with sticks; branches, used to swat flies; gloves, made out of leaves to allow access to spiny fruits and branches. Sticks are used to extract insects from holes (e.g., in trees) and seeds from fruits.(Read more)

Postmortem Study on Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Rumen and Reticulum of Ruminants Slaughtered at Asella Municipal Abattoir, Southeastern Ethiopia

Ethiopia is resource full country endowed with larges population of livestock in Africa. The total cattle populations of the country is estimated to be about 57.83 million, whereas the number of small ruminantsare estimated to exceed 58 million. However, development this sector is hampered by different constraints and has not been fully exploited the benefit of indigenous livestock compared to its tremendous potential.

Significant losses result each year from the death of animals as a result of lack of appropriate veterinary services, lack of attention from government, wide spread endemic disease and recurrent drought. Ingestible foreign body predisposed by environmental pollution is currently becoming a global health problem of ruminants and have been implicated as among common causes of sudden death. 

Shark and Shark Products Trade Channel and its Conservation Aspects in Bangladesh

Shark, a major group of elasmobranch talked about globally as its population has been under serious threats due to over-exploitation mostly to meet the demand of shark fin soup especially in USA and China.

One of the most heavily fished regions in world’s ocean for shark is Bay of Bengal. Catching sharks haveincreased in the recent years mainly by using hooks and lines during wintermonths in this region. A group of dry fish traders are allegedly patronizing the shark hunting, processing and trading. Shark harvesting is done by using different fish trawl, shark net (modified long mesh drift gill net), hooks andlines and sometimes by trammel nets. Coastal waters of Kuakata, Sonar Char, Ruper Char, Fatrar Char and Char Gongmoti in Patuakhali; Dublar Char in Khulna; Ashar Char, Patharghata, Barguna and the Sunderbans; Sandwip, in Chittagong; Kutubdia, Moheshkhali and Elephant Point in Teknaf, Cox's Bazar are major shark hunting grounds of Bangladesh

Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in Iraq

The world fish production has grown recently- as a consequence of the decline production in capture fishery- with food fish supply increasing at an average annual rate of 3.2 percent, above the growth of the world population to 1.6 percent. World per capita apparent fish consumption increased from an average of 9.9 kg in the 1960s to 19.2 kg in 2012. According to the latest available statistics collected globally by FAO, world aquaculture production attained another all-time high of 90.4 million tons in 2012, including 66.6 million tons of food fish and 23.8 million tons of aquatic algae.

But this worldwide growth of aquaculture is overwhelmed by catastrophic fish diseases and spoilage caused by pathogenic bacteria, which are introduced to the fish farm through natural or artificial food sources, treated inlet water or through vertical transmission from brood stock. The most diseases are caused by Vibrio spp., which are considered the well-known cause of a significant problem for the development of a sector with strong economic losses worldwide because of its high morbidity and mortality rates (mortality ≥ 50%).

Antidiarrheal and Antinociceptive Effects of a Probiotic Mixture in Rats

Diarrhea is diagnosed in millions of people per year in both developed and developing countries and is the second leading cause of death in children under five years of age. This common and impactful symptom is characterized by an alteration in bowel movement and an imbalance between secretory and absorptive activities in the intestine, which results in an increase in the frequency, fluidity and/or volume of stools, and may be accompanied with tenesmus, fever and abdominal pain. Diarrhea is usually a symptom of an infection, which can be caused by various types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites, but can have a multitude of other origins such as gastro-intestinal disorders and certain medications like antibiotics.

Treatment of diarrhea is generally nonspecific and aimed at reducing dehydration and the discomfort and inconvenience of frequent bowel movements. Major drugs currently available for the treatment of acute diarrhea, such as loperamide and diphenoxylate, are not completely free from adverse events.

Impediments to advancement of our understanding of the world within which we reside

It t so much what we don’t know that compromises science and its advancement, but what we know that isn’t so. Preconceived notions are often so ingrained in a field that they are never tested, or even considered appropriate to test. Often interdisciplinary efforts result in an interloper (scientists trained in a different field) naively questioning what the primary discipline has always believed. The interloper’s testing of that hypothesis often reveals “inconvenient truths.”

The “collective consciousness” of some fields is a major impediment even to publication of disparate evidence, let alone that which disproves pet theories. The term behavioral science could be used to describe the response of a field to new information, analogous to application of the term behavioral economics to describe response to assaults on the “imaginary world” in which some thrive.

Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control Technique of Newcastle Disease

Newcastle disease is a highly contagious economically devastating viral disease of poultry. The virus that cause Newcastle disease is grouped under family paramyxoviridae,genus Avulavirus and species Newcastle disease virus or avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). The genus of this virus has RNA nucleotide, enveloped, single-stranded (SS) and has negative sense. The avian paramyxovirus contain six structural protein matrix(M), RNA polymerase(L), phosphoprotin(P), nucleoprotein(NP), hemagglutinin neuraminidase(NH) and fusion(F). Protein V and W are additionally encoded by RNA editing of P protein. Paramyxovirus type 1 can cause disease in birds of all types, sex and age.

Based on their virulence avia paramyxovirus (APMV-1) has been divided in to three or more pathotypes. Velogenic neurotropic strain typically associated with neurological andrespiratory sign. Velogenic viscerotropic strain typically associated with gastrointestinal lesion. These two strains are more virulent. Mesogenic strain is moderate virulence while, lantogenic strains is the least virulence and used for vaccine preparation.

Micro Propagation of cv. Basrai (Banana) Using Growth Hormones

In early nineties, 60% of banana field’s area of Pakistan (Sindh) was under high attack of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) which caused banana bunchy top virus disease and results in 90% decrease in its production. Mostly the plants having bunchy tops were infected by this virus due to their less flexible leaves and having rigidity in the leaves. As a consequence heavy loss in production by BBTV, farmers moved towards the cultivation of other crops like cotton and sugarcane but this choice was also not profitable as compared to banana. So to get rid of this virus, efforts were made by planting disease free plants. 

One perspective was to import healthy germplasm from other countries, but imported germplasm could not grow under local environment due to high alkaline nature of soil. The second approach was to fulfil the requirement of farmers by cleaning the existing germplasm and multiply them at higher rates. The micro propagation of banana plantlets is an excellent alternate approach adopted in many countries of the world like Israel, France, Australia and Cuba. Shoot tip and male floral apices can play a vital role for micro propagation of banana. According to Novak et al.regeneration and somatic embryogenesis can take place in liquid medium. The rate of multiplication is the important factor that affects the efficiency of micro propagation system.

Impact and Challenges of Marine Medicine to Man and its Environment

Medicines are medically recommended remedies intended for ameliorating disease conditions, restoring good health and vitality to man. Marine medicine is the restoring of health in relations to ocean derivatives. It encompasses a variety of practices using marine organisms to maintain health by prevention and treatment as medicine.

Marine medicine therefore is the science of healing, maintaining and restoring health by prevention and treatment in relation to the ocean derivatives. The Ocean which is called the ‘mother of origin of life’ is also the source of structurally unique natural products that are mainly accumulated in living organisms. Marine medicine is not separated from general medicine but rather the general medicine applied to the sea.