Pheromones
are organic substances produced by an animal or plant which changes the
behaviour of the same or other animal belonging to same species or opposite
sex. In the case of plants pheromones are produced to attract or repel insectsor animals. Pheromones are synthesized in particular organ or group of cells
locally and released outside the body. Their site of action is on neighbouring
cells, organs or animals. Pheromones identified or synthesized chemically play
many roles and are commercially exploited in many functional aspects. In most
of the cases pheromones are chemical ligands or small peptides attached to a
chemical ligand having specificity towards a particular receptor.
![Behavioural aspects of Pheromones. Behavioural aspects of Pheromones.](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgniVNsmtX40gegOuZtv4AoP9Zn17jGtIhFCXosU2IH1TauevE5UbA02kJ4DS8FQEw819-Zq-5wpFQTWJTtC1mMFfAng9UkGgaiiqmQq0NWGT_-5gn8En7SceC3qGl8FFhbQCcAts6SN6s/s320/Behavioural+aspects+of+Pheromones..jpg)
Pheromones have been utilized for forest protection or insects control involved in the deforestation. In the pacific northwest of USA Douglas fir beetle is a menace and due to its bark boring nature many tree species like Douglasfir, Pseudotsuga menziesii have been extensively died. A pheromone named methylcyclohexenone (MCH) (3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one) has been utilized for segregation and killing of the Douglas fir beetle.
The
production of food grains in world increased considerably since 1960s due to
increase in arable area, large-scale cultivation of high yielding semi-dwarf
varieties and increased applications of irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides.
Food security has to be understood as a distress phenomenon, as with marginal
increase in their incomes over time they are forced to cut down on their food
consumption to meet other pressing demands of health and education that were
not considered important in the past. High economic growth rates have failed toimprove food security in whole world leaving the state facing a crisis in its
rural economy. If food security is a complex objective, pursued with others
(shelter, safety, health, self-esteem), in a world where individual households
face diverse, complex and different livelihood opportunities, what role can
policy possibly play? Can governments ever know enough to act?
![Food security Food security](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1IiGsU5kbRsj84pvDALCjr5_DYHKR3VCFxS-PYvdOHQxhqlF73NOBW7vtWAVRzzFIYUimLA17J_Y7w47Ne3L5vPR6VtolZd0ruytrisdu9GtU-wqkE9sEagHuOXF-BqD-hKxfFpdwTHE/s400/Food+security.jpg)
The global
food system today is beset by serious challenges and risks: production and
prices have become more volatile; hunger and poverty levels remain high,particularly among farming communities; and unsustainable practices exacerbate
environmental challenges. By 2050, the world’s population will have risen to 9
billion. Feeding this population will require substantial changes to ensure the
production, distribution and consumption of sufficient nutritious and
sustainably produced food.
The common perceptions regarding the
orangutan forests are that, the inhabitants are completely isolated and their
existence can be accurately monitored through geographic representation are not
totally correct. Eventhough population density appears resource dependent butbehavioural studies reveal that, it takes a community to raise an orangutan.
Development of intricate communication techniques among themselves reflects the
importance of the community.
![orangutan development orangutan development](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxcTgMwUDqir1czbDWCKR2O5e1NJJQnc2fRPuX1SHYQjx9NHvKvePWyeKb7XqTZa4xE0hPFyiRx5SqKITVJgcMGC2eipJ2FaLkQJXCGZKzw_1yk04d3q3OUNK7yoBob07Q2BRiLfYc-N4/s320/orangutan+development.jpg)
Perception that orangutan are forest inhabitants living in isolated existence may be an accurate geographic portrayal, but overlooks noncontiguous interactions. While population density appears resource dependent, it takes a community to “raise” an orang. Their development of intricate communication techniques reflects the importance of community. Clicks and “faux speech” represent arousal and alarm calls, in the form of grumphs, gorkunes, grumbiass. Sophisticated kiss-squeak alarm calls involving cupping hands around muzzles to reduce pitch, facilitating long-distance sound transmission.
Scientific method has been routinely taught as identifying a question, creating a hypothesis and then testing that hypothesis. That is a very focused approach, one that has had great success. It is important, however, not to be so focused as to not to attend to ancillary findings. Blinded studies for specific responses, wherein the experimenter is unaware of the participants (e.g., drug or placebo) identity are clearly influenced by expectations. Thus, there is a placebo effect, whether positive or negative. Examining each theory and testing it step by step has been emphasized at the expense of observational studies, experiments performed when the tester has no specific expectation of results. Such are sometimes derided as “fishing expeditions,” ignoring their role in advancing science by identifying new subjects for investigation or exposing inconvenient truths – findings which do not conform to conventional thinking, the “collective consciousness” of a given field. Many of those assumptions, right or wrong, have never been actually tested.
![peripheral vision peripheral vision](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUN1Lh6PmhGHEUfT8U-n0Hp6d79w11IVntTbP5iChhyphenhyphenseC8dZfrtqqOyDPOFgQQwE0Ltn5we1tSojLtEgJuQHuD-eKJ_ZRt2PIOrxT2Jl-0TN3HRsCvv7bVuzjSLWg9xrDwV06_UQ0_Qw/s1600/peripheral+vision.png)
Many activities are pursued without foresight as to future implications. We all record data aimed at answering a specific question, sometimes without consideration of how that data might be utilized in the future to address other questions. A classic example is recording perceptions as degree, extent or magnitude, rather than recording the actual finding. That approach is predicated on the assumption that the perceived degree/extent/magnitude represent a spectrum of findings relatable to a single phenomenon. That might be a reasonable approach if the degree/extent/magnitude assumption was validated. However, that assumes that the classification will not be modified in the future and components subsequently recognized as unrelated. Such would significantly reduce its value for incorporation into future analyses.
Endorhizospheric bacteria also known as endophytic bacteria
that resides within living plant tissues without substantially harming plants
have found a large number of applications in today’s agriculture such as
nutrient cycling, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress as well as promotion
ofplant growth. In present study an attempt has been made to test biodiversity ofendophytic plant growth promoting bacteria from different plant species. As
nitrogen fixation is one of the prime mechanism of plant growth promoting
activity exerted by microorganisms, endophytic nitrogen fixing bacteria were
isolated from from surface sterilized plant parts viz. root, stem and leaves of
species Cynodondactylon (Durva), Pothosscandens (Money plant), Ipomeabatata
(Sweet potato), Saccharumofficinarum (Sugarcane) cv. CO.LK-8001 and CO.-84135,
Musa paradica (Banana) and Zea mays (maize)cv. GM-6 by using nitrogen free
media selective for growth of nitrogen fixing bacteria. In all total 10
isolates were obtained from different plant species and parts and showed
variation in their biochemical and physiological characteristics. All the
isolates were found to fix nitrogen and nitrogen fixation rates of all the
isolates ranged from 4.0 to 36.3 mg N fixed/gm of sugar consumed. Moreover,
they also showed solubilizing tri calcium phosphate in Pikovskaya’s broth.
![Endorhizospheric Plant Growth Endorhizospheric Plant Growth](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwc9wrj2EHQVVLhBzMK1FowgqNeuT-iai95qrB6kM6Od6ujDywiVV4f2VGm1tcoDB0VQnoi81THxH6N3KRyL0b5kyfKQR7EcXdbjBnAef1icLpxJrWWFXoO1C3MFwOLURW5bOMAdYiPBI/s320/Endorhizospheric+Plant+Growth+Promoting+Bacteria.gif)
Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 are perfidious problems for the beef industry. Asymptomatic fecal shedding of these pathogens contaminates the hide and cadaver. Furthermore, Salmonella are unique in their ability to penetrate lymph nodes leading to the post-harvest contagion of ground beef. These contaminations yield the two most significant food safety hazards associated with the consumption of beef. Herein, we report the anti-Salmonella and anti-E. coli O157:H7 effects of a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation prototype fed to feedyard cattle. Cattle fed PRT were compared to those fed a combination of monensin, tylosine, and a direct-fed microbial- a standard conventional practice in the U.S. beef industry.
![salmonella infection symptoms salmonella infection symptoms](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8wpafmX5_hL_rEReYaYraztzSskXP6a2YXOgnZ4WjedrhJLPZFs1C31n_RPGXalDqXiSKU8zGSGtbhgTnM0ORBEX5LkOeW3BPzNXJduIgBBWhjj21zxllo352Z5tnh80m4sRXNvfb_hs/s400/Abrogation+of+Salmonella.png)
In this investigator-blinded study, 1,495 feedlot heifers (300-400 kg) were fed PRT (n=747 heifers) or the standard industry diet (PC; n=748 heifers) without PRT for 125-146 days prior to slaughter. At the abattoir, fecal swabs were obtained from 400 animals (n=200/group) and subjected to selective culture for enumerating Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. Additionally, subiliac lymph nodes were obtained from 400 carcasses for enumeration of Salmonella spp. Salmonella isolated from the feces and lymph nodes were subjected to a virulence assay and some antibiotic susceptibility and Salmonella serovar testing.
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases represent a significant health burden,
especially in affluent societies and that no cure exists for majority of these diseases.
Medication can slow the disease's progression, but many of the drugs on the market
have unpleasant side effects. Current research on parasitic worms (helminthes) has
demonstrated a great potential for whole worms, their eggs or their excretory/secretory
proteins in down regulating the immune system and hence the associated inflammatory
responses both in vitro and in vivo, in various animal models of diseases and in someclinical trials. The helminthes are thought to modulate and down regulate the T helper
cell 1 (Th1) and T helper cell 2 (Th2) axis. Helminthic therapy is hence a novel attempt
to restore some of the organisms that we have co evolved with, that can modulate our
immune system thereby leading to remission or cure from certain incurable inflammatory
and auto immune diseases.
![Helminthic Parasites Helminthic Parasites](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Bee3164LzTeQC1BaKJhUqnKQ3m29gWg3hfCOXBs9ixmK6CteAbvR4-otimkfZfzoWuFs1RZ_R0RGcjvF0GjmF-NVKA5ejkGq1LYqHS1TDImmVvwYkiNAHJZlGQlRrmcyYTdT6h2_URU/s320/Helminthic+Therapy.jpg)
The rapid rise in prevalence of immune mediated diseases, like inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and asthma inhighly developed industrialized countries, as populations adopt modern hygienic practices, suggests an existence of a strong correlation
between improved sanitation and hygiene and a drastic increase in atopic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases.
Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia grisea
Sacc., is a destructive disease of rice in most rice growing areas around the
world. Breeding efforts have been made to introduce genes for blast resistanceinto desirable genetic background. Resistance to rice blast is categorized two
types, complete (true) and incomplete (field resistance). Complete resistance
is a hypersensitive reaction, often a complete form of resistance, and is
characterized by a resistant infection type. More than 20 loci for complete
blast resistance have been identified.
![Resistance to Blast in Rice Resistance to Blast in Rice](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitN86458eaVrUcO9zjchrmsM5w3USBoybwTSN6Bdah_qlopza-CshwzJhr7nzqPompRQXrFPv8Z5oJJYB8H1G0EI_E3_TJsk3XqrQv5Z88CPCEQXMmKmLYhodoVCxrBIEFEUKBnPoZ3lM/s400/Gene+Cloning+of+Durable+Resistance+to+Blast+in+Rice.jpg)
Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia grisea Sacc.,
is a destructive disease of rice in most rice growing areas around the world.
Breeding efforts have been made to introduce genes for blast resistance into
desirable genetic background. Resistance to rice blast is categorized two
types, complete (true) and incomplete (field resistance). Complete resistanceis a hypersensitive reaction, often a complete form of resistance, and is
characterized by a resistant infection type. More than 20 loci for complete
blast resistance have been identified. Although cultivars with complete
resistance were developed, the resistance has rapidly been broken down by
compatible races of the pathogen. Field resistance, incomplete and usually
polygenic, is a susceptible infection type that allows effective control of a
parasite under natural field conditions and may be durable when exposed to new
races of blast.